London Reporting Academy·Disclosure guides
Expert-written answers to the questions that slow reporting teams down. Each one opens with the conclusion, shows the requirement it rests on, explains the conditions and the judgement involved, and links to the disclosure cards the decision affects.
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Answers from the published guides · 275 disclosure cards · 1,211 indexed reports
Disclosure guides
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ISSB·Toolkit·Data and evidence
A package-level toolkit containing LRA_IFRS_S1_Implementation_Registers.xlsx, with 5 related Knowledge Hub guides.
Helps you decideWhich package files and related guides belong to this toolkit?
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 3 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence
The matrix should convert the Standards into controlled review tests without reproducing or replacing the official text. Each row should record the relevant paragraph, applicability, materiality conclusion, draft location, evidence reference, owner, control, status, relief or exception and reviewer sign-off.
Helps you decideWhether each applicable requirement is supported by a materiality conclusion, evidence, control, draft location and sign-off.
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Framework interoperability
Yes - one governed climate dataset and evidence model can support UK SRS S2, IFRS S2, ESRS E1, TCFD and CDP. It should not produce one undifferentiated disclosure.
Helps you decideHow to define the common source of truth and the framework-specific adjustment layer for every published output.
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Framework interoperability
No. CDP can provide a valuable structured source of climate data and evidence, but completing the questionnaire or receiving a CDP score does not demonstrate compliance with UK SRS S2. CDP’s own IFRS S2 mapping states that the questionnaire, although aligned, should not be interpreted as strictly fulfilling IFRS S2.
Helps you decideHow to reuse CDP-aligned data while completing a separate UK SRS S1/S2 assessment and annual-report approval process.
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Framework interoperability
A large part of the underlying climate dataset can be reused, especially the controlled GHG inventory, Scope 3 category assessment, base year, targets, transition actions, carbon-credit records, scenario inputs and evidence trail. The reporting narratives must remain distinct.
Helps you decideWhich data, methods and evidence can be common, and where separate materiality, narrative and claim controls are required.
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Comparison·Framework interoperability
No. UK SRS S2 and ESRS E1 can share a substantial climate data and evidence base, but they are not interchangeable reporting requirements. UK SRS S2 applies the UK SRS S1 investor-focused materiality lens to climate-related risks and opportunities that could affect an entity’s prospects.
Helps you decideWhich data and evidence can be reused, and which framework-specific tests, disclosures and claims must remain separate.
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Omissions and claims
Directors should not approve UK SRS S2 by asking only whether the report reads well. They should challenge ten connected areas: the exact reporting basis and claim; material climate-related risks and opportunities; scenario-analysis design; the resilience conclusion; current and anticipated financial effects; the GHG inventory and Scope 3 quality; any UK reliefs and unresolved data gaps; industry metrics and targets; internal controls and review or assurance; and consistency across the annual report, CDP, GRI, websites and other public claims.
Helps you decideWhether the proposed disclosure and claim are supported by a complete reporting basis, materiality assessment, evidence, controls and appropriate approvals.
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Omissions and claims
IFRS S2 does not require every entity to set a climate or greenhouse-gas target. It requires disclosure of targets the entity has set and targets it is required to meet by law or regulation when the information is material.
Helps you decideIFRS S2 Climate Targets and Carbon Credits: Gross, Net and Credible Claims
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 18 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·New standards and transition
IFRS S2 does not universally require an entity to have or publish a formal transition plan. It does require material information about how the entity is responding and plans to respond to climate-related risks and opportunities.
Helps you decideIFRS S2 Transition Plan Disclosures: Strategy, Assumptions, Resources and Progress
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Data and evidence
An asset manager should keep three boundaries visible. The first is the reporting entity and its own governance, strategy, risk processes, financial effects and operational emissions.
Helps you decideIFRS S2 for Asset Managers: Portfolio Boundaries, Data and Investor Disclosures
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Metrics and methodologies
An insurer should keep two connected but distinct climate-information lenses. For investment assets, IFRS S2 contains specific financed-emissions requirements covering absolute gross Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions, industry and asset-class disaggregation, gross exposure, coverage, exclusions and methodology.
Helps you decideIFRS S2 for Insurers: Underwriting, Investments and Financed Emissions
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Metrics and methodologies
For a bank, IFRS S2 financed-emissions disclosure is not only a greenhouse-gas inventory exercise. The bank must disclose absolute gross financed emissions, disaggregated by Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 for each industry by asset class, together with gross exposure, portfolio coverage, exclusions and the calculation methodology.
Helps you decideIFRS S2 for Banks: Financed Emissions, Credit Risk and Climate Metrics
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 16 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Materiality and scope
IFRS S1 risk-management disclosure should explain the process, not only list risks. Describe the inputs, parameters, data sources and scope; whether and how scenario analysis supports identification; how nature, likelihood and magnitude are assessed; how sustainability-related risks are prioritised relative to other risks; how they are monitored; what changed from the previous period; the separate process for opportunities; and the extent to which these processes are integrated into and inform enterprise risk management.
Helps you decideIFRS S1 Risk Management Disclosures: Identification, Prioritisation and Integration into ERM
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Data and evidence
IFRS S1 strategy disclosure should explain the decision pathway for each material sustainability-related risk or opportunity. Describe the risk or opportunity and time horizon; explain current and anticipated effects and where exposure is concentrated in the business model and value chain; show the entity's response, resource allocation, progress and trade-offs; connect the issue to current and anticipated financial effects and financial planning; and explain resilience.
Helps you decideIFRS KH 04 Strategy Disclosures
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Assurance and controls
IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 governance disclosures should explain how oversight actually operates. Identify the responsible governance body or individual; show how responsibility is embedded in mandates; explain how skills are assessed or developed; describe what information is provided and how often; show how risks and opportunities affect strategy, major transactions, risk management and trade-offs; explain oversight of targets and remuneration; and describe management roles, controls and integration with other functions.
Helps you decideIFRS S1 and S2 Governance Disclosures: Board Oversight, Management Roles and Controls
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Assurance and controls
The four pillars are not independent chapters. They are connected views of the same sustainability-related risks and opportunities: governance explains oversight and controls; strategy explains effects, responses, trade-offs and financial consequences; risk management explains identification, assessment, prioritisation and monitoring; and metrics and targets explain performance and progress.
Helps you decideThe Four Pillars of IFRS S1 and IFRS S2: Governance, Strategy, Risk Management, Metrics and Targets
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 10 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
Identify sustainability-related risks and opportunities by starting with the entity's business model and value chain. Map the resources and relationships the entity depends on or affects; identify dependencies, impacts and external changes that could create risk or opportunity; trace credible pathways to cash flows, access to finance or cost of capital; assign short-, medium- and long-term horizons; and challenge completeness using internal and external sources.
Helps you decideHow to Identify Sustainability-Related Risks and Opportunities Under IFRS S1
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Omissions and claims
IFRS S1 E5 permits an entity, only in its first annual reporting period applying IFRS S1, to report information about climate-related risks and opportunities only. The entity still applies IFRS S1 insofar as it relates to climate information and applies IFRS S2 in full, and it must disclose that it used the relief.
Helps you decideWhether to elect climate-first, what S1 requirements remain applicable and how to make the year-two transition.
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
First-time application should be designed as a controlled transition strategy, not a collection of informal shortcuts. IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 provide specific reliefs: no comparative information in the first annual reporting period; optional later publication in that first period; a climate-first option; temporary use of a previously used non-GHG-Protocol emissions method; and temporary omission of Scope 3 emissions.
Helps you decideWhich transition reliefs to use, how to disclose them, and how each choice affects the second reporting cycle.
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Comparison·New standards and transition
A strong TCFD-aligned report provides a useful starting architecture for IFRS S2 because IFRS S2 integrates the four TCFD pillars and the 11 recommended disclosures. Transition is not, however, a re-labelling exercise.
Helps you decideWhich existing disclosures can be retained, which need greater specificity, and which new IFRS S1/S2 requirements need data, methods or approval?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 9 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
When no IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standard specifically applies to a sustainability-related risk or opportunity, IFRS S1 requires the entity to use judgement to identify information that is relevant to primary-user decisions and faithfully represents the risk or opportunity. The entity must refer to and consider applicable SASB metrics.
Helps you decideWhich sources and entity-specific information best meet IFRS S1 relevance and faithful-representation objectives?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 9 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence
IFRS S2 requires climate-related scenario analysis to assess climate resilience, but it does not require every entity to start with complex financial modelling. The approach must be commensurate with the entity’s circumstances.
Helps you decideWhat scenario-analysis approach is commensurate with the entity’s exposure and available skills, capabilities and resources?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
IFRS S1 requires an entity to refer to and consider the applicability of SASB disclosure topics when identifying sustainability-related risks and opportunities and to refer to and consider SASB metrics when preparing disclosures in the absence of a specific IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standard. Consideration is mandatory; automatic application of every SASB topic or metric is not.
Helps you decideHow to Use SASB Standards When Applying IFRS S1
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Metrics and methodologies
IFRS S1 requires an entity to refer to and consider the SASB Standards when identifying sustainability-related risks and opportunities and when identifying information to disclose. IFRS S2 applies the same mandatory refer-and-consider logic to the Industry-based Guidance on Implementing IFRS S2.
Helps you decideWhich industries, disclosure topics, metrics and activity metrics are relevant to the reporting entity and to distinct parts of the group?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence
Climate resilience under IFRS S2 is the entity’s assessed capacity to adjust or adapt its strategy and business model to climate-related changes, developments and uncertainties. It is not a generic statement that the business is “resilient”.
Helps you decideWhat capacity does the entity actually have to adjust or adapt, over what horizon, with which resources, assets, investments and constraints?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Omissions and claims
An entity may make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standards only when its disclosures comply with all applicable requirements. The statement is the final conclusion of the reporting process, not a flexible marketing phrase.
Helps you decideIFRS S1 Compliance Statement, Report Location and Publication Timing Explained
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 16 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 use two distinct proportionality mechanisms in specified requirements. The first limits the information search to all reasonable and supportable information available at the reporting date without undue cost or effort.
Helps you decideWhat information must be searched for, how sophisticated an approach must be, or whether a permitted qualitative alternative applies.
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
IFRS S1 already requires disclosure of material nature-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect an entity’s prospects. Dependencies on nature and impacts on nature are important because they can create physical, transition, systemic and opportunity pathways to cash flows, access to finance or cost of capital.
Helps you decideWhich nature interfaces create risks or opportunities that could affect prospects, and what material information is needed?
Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 8 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Explainer·Metrics and methodologies
IFRS S1 does not prescribe one universal sustainability KPI list. An entity must disclose metrics required by an applicable IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Standard and the metrics it uses to monitor each material sustainability-related risk or opportunity and its performance in relation to that matter.
Helps you decideIFRS S1 Metrics and Targets: Industry-Based, Entity-Specific and Performance Disclosures
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 16 min Read the guide →
ISSB·Decision guide·Materiality and scope
Under IFRS S1, materiality is assessed for information, not by declaring an ESG topic material through a universal score. First identify sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect the entity's prospects.
Helps you decideWhich information must be included, omitted, aggregated, disaggregated or supplemented to meet primary users' information needs?
Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 16 min Read the guide →
Showing 30 of 56 published guides — filter by framework or problem above. Show every guide (56) →
How an LRA guide is built
You should be able to stop reading after the first paragraph and still have what you came for. Everything below it exists so you can defend the answer to a reviewer.
The question is stated as a reporting team would ask it, and settled in the opening lines.
The official source and edition are named, and kept clearly apart from our reading of them.
The points the standard leaves open are marked, with what a defensible position looks like.
The answer links to the disclosures and evidence it affects, so a decision turns into fields to fill.
Coverage
The guides tier is written framework by framework rather than thinly across all of them, so this says where the writing has actually reached. Disclosure cards, which cover the requirements themselves, run ahead of it.
Impact reporting, used voluntarily worldwide
587 disclosures · 140 cards European Sustainability Reporting StandardsDouble materiality, mandatory under CSRD
165 disclosures · 75 cards EU Voluntary Sustainability Reporting Standard 2026Voluntary sustainability reporting for smaller undertakings
20 requirements · no cards yet IFRS S1 and S2 (ISSB)Investor-focused, financial materiality
87 disclosures · 39 cards Taskforce on Nature-related Financial DisclosuresNature-related dependencies, impacts, risks and opportunities
0 recommendations · no cards yet UAE Federal Decree-Law No. 11 of 2024Federal climate law, in force now
16 disclosures · 7 cards UK Sustainability Reporting Standard S1UK general sustainability-related financial disclosures
0 requirements · no cards yet UK Sustainability Reporting Standard S2UK climate-related financial disclosures
0 requirements · no cards yet California SB 253 and SB 261State-law emissions and climate-risk reporting
15 disclosures · 11 cards SASB StandardsIndustry metrics, in preparation
1199 metrics · no cards yetFound the answer?
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