Disclosure guides

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London Reporting Academy·Disclosure guides

Understand the questions behind the standards.

Expert-written answers to the questions that slow reporting teams down. Each one opens with the conclusion, shows the requirement it rests on, explains the conditions and the judgement involved, and links to the disclosure cards the decision affects.

  • 478 guides published
  • Practitioner-written, technically reviewed
  • A named reviewer, with a date
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How an LRA Disclosure Guide helps: use the GRI omissions example to check the rule, understand the required explanation and prepare the disclosure using the relevant card. GRI 2-1 does not permit omissions.
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Answers from the published guides · 275 disclosure cards · 1,211 indexed reports

Disclosure guides

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UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Report Template: Structure, Basis of Preparation and Disclosure Prompts

Use the template as a controlled question set. Begin with the Basis of Preparation; then disclose material governance, strategy, risk-management and metrics-and-targets information; explain significant judgements and uncertainty; connect the report to the financial statements and Strategic Report; and end with a statement that accurately reflects the reporting basis.

Helps you decideHow to structure the disclosure so readers understand its basis, material conclusions, financial connections and claim.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 17 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Materiality and scope

How to Identify Sustainability-Related Risks and Opportunities Under UK SRS S1

Identify UK SRS S1 risks and opportunities by starting with the entity’s business model and value chain, not a generic ESG list. Map the resources and relationships the entity depends on and affects; consider external change; then trace each issue to a plausible effect on cash flows, access to finance or cost of capital over the short, medium or long term.

Helps you decideHow to create a complete, controlled register that connects sustainability matters to the entity’s prospects.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Omissions and claims

UK SRS S1 Climate-Only Relief: How It Works and How Long Voluntary Reporters Can Use It

A voluntary reporter may use the climate-only provision in paragraph E3 without a fixed time limit under the final UK SRS framework current at this review date. The entity may then apply UK SRS S1 only insofar as it relates to climate-related risks and opportunities and report under UK SRS S2.

Helps you decideWhether paragraph E3 is available, what it changes, what must be disclosed and how to expand beyond climate.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Materiality and scope

UK SRS S1 Materiality Assessment: Investor-Focused Reporting for UK Companies

Under UK SRS S1, information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions of primary users of general purpose financial reports about providing resources to the entity. The assessment is entity-specific and information-specific.

Helps you decideHow to decide which information about an identified sustainability-related risk or opportunity must appear in the report.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 for Company Secretaries and Legal Teams: Governance, Report Placement and Claims

The company secretary and legal team should lock the reporting basis before drafting, build the board and committee route around documented responsibilities, approve the annual-report architecture, test cross-referenced information, and control all public wording through a claim matrix. The final report must distinguish what UK SRS S1 requires, what the entity has chosen as implementation practice, what reliefs it uses, and which regulatory requirements are final, such as the FCA's PS26/19 listing rules, and which remain proposals.

Helps you decideWhere the disclosures sit, how governance and cross-references are evidenced, and what the entity may say publicly about compliance, alignment and assurance.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Assurance and controls

First UK SRS S1 Reporting Cycle: reporting basis, governance, materiality, industry metrics, data, financial effects, controls, assurance and board approval

Treat the first year as a controlled reporting-system build. Months 1-3 establish basis, governance and the risk universe; months 4-6 complete materiality, industry metrics and data design; months 7-9 develop financial effects, controls and the first connected draft; months 10-12 perform challenge, approval and publication.

Helps you decideHow to sequence technical, data, finance, governance and publication work so that the final claim is supportable.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

How to Prepare a UK SRS S1 Report: Complete Step-by-Step Guide

Prepare a UK SRS S1 report as a controlled reporting system, not as a late drafting exercise. Fix the reporting basis and intended claim first; identify the complete population of sustainability-related risks and opportunities; assess investor-focused materiality; connect material matters to governance, strategy, risk management, financial effects, metrics and targets; apply UK SRS S2 at the same time unless paragraph E3 is used; build data and control evidence; then draft, challenge and approve a connected report published with the related financial statements.

Helps you decideHow to organise the first reporting cycle and retain enough evidence to support the final report and claim.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Board Briefing: Ten Questions Directors Should Ask Before Approval

The board should require a clear approval paper that reconciles the public report to the reporting basis, materiality conclusion, financial effects, data and control evidence, reliefs, assurance scope and final wording. UK SRS S1 is available for voluntary use, and the FCA's final rules in PS26/19 apply UK SRS S1 and S2 on a comply or explain basis to issuers in UKLR categories 6, 14, 15, 16 and 22 for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027; a future Companies Act route must not be treated as law until finalised.

Helps you decideWhether the board has enough evidence to approve the report, its cross-references and its public claim.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Metrics and methodologies

UK SRS S1 for CFOs: Linking Sustainability Risks to Budgets, Finance and the Annual Report

Finance should own the conversion of material sustainability conclusions into controlled financial information. The process starts with the same reporting entity and planning horizons used for the financial statements, maps operational transmission channels, tests current and anticipated effects, documents ranges and uncertainty, and reconciles the result to budgets, forecasts, capex plans, treasury assumptions and the annual report.

Helps you decideHow to translate material sustainability matters into finance evidence and annual-report disclosures without inventing precision.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Explainer·New standards and transition

UK SRS S1 Digital Reporting: Taxonomy, Tagging and Future Filing Requirements

There is no general rule that every voluntary UK SRS S1 report must already be digitally tagged and filed under a dedicated UK sustainability taxonomy. Even so, companies should prepare for digital reporting early.

Helps you decideUK SRS S1 Digital Reporting: Taxonomy, Tagging and Future Filing Requirements

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 3 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Explainer·Assurance and controls

Internal Controls Over UK SRS S1 Disclosures: A Practical Framework

Internal controls over UK SRS S1 disclosures should be designed much like other reporting controls: they should define ownership, protect data quality, govern methodologies, document review and support remediation. The most effective approach is not to build a separate sustainability bureaucracy but to extend familiar finance, risk and governance disciplines to sustainability-related information.

Helps you decideHow to design proportionate internal controls for UK SRS S1 disclosures without creating a separate sustainability bureaucracy.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Comparison·Framework interoperability

UK SRS S1 vs ESRS: Investor Materiality, Double Materiality and UK-EU Reporting

UK SRS S1 and ESRS both require structured sustainability disclosure, but they are built on different reporting lenses. UK SRS S1 is centred on investor-focused materiality: information about sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect the entity’s prospects.

Helps you decideWhich reporting work can be shared between UK SRS S1 and ESRS, and which materiality, disclosure and assurance decisions must remain separate.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Omissions and claims

Can You Claim UK SRS S1 Compliance While Using Climate-Only Relief?

No. An entity that uses paragraph E3 cannot claim compliance with UK SRS S1. Paragraph 73A expressly requires disclosure of the provision’s use instead.

Helps you decideWhich public statement is supportable and how to separate UK SRS S1, UK SRS S2 and IFRS claims.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 10 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Explainer·Assurance and controls

UK SRS S1 Assurance Readiness: Evidence, Controls and the Emerging UK Oversight Regime

No general UK SRS S1 rule currently requires every reporter to obtain external assurance over the whole standard. However, companies that publish UK SRS S1 disclosures should still prepare as though external challenge is likely.

Helps you decideWhat evidence, controls and governance are needed to make UK SRS S1 disclosures ready for assurance or other external challenge.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 8 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Explainer·New standards and transition

UK SRS S1 for Private and Unlisted Companies: Why Voluntary Use May Still Matter

Voluntary UK SRS S1 use can be valuable for a private or unlisted company when it improves a real decision: credit assessment, investment, owner oversight, customer due diligence, strategic planning or future reporting readiness. The company should start from intended users and material sustainability-related risks and opportunities, connect them to cash flows and financing, and apply proportionate data and controls.

Helps you decidewhether voluntary UK SRS S1 use earns its cost for an unlisted company, and whether to apply it in full, in part or as a controlled supplement

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 10 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Comparatives, Estimates and Errors: First-Year Reporting Guide

A first-time UK SRS S1 reporter is not required to disclose comparative information in its first annual period of application. After the relief ends, paragraph 70 generally requires preceding-period comparative amounts and useful narrative comparatives.

Helps you decideUK SRS S1 Comparatives, Estimates and Errors: First-Year Reporting Guide

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Compliance Checklist and Free Disclosure Matrix

A UK SRS S1 disclosure matrix should trace each disclosure decision from source requirement to material risk or opportunity, annual-report location, evidence, control owner, relief status and approval. It is not just a paragraph checklist.

Helps you decideCan each disclosure be traced to a requirement, evidence source, owner and approval point?

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 5 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·New standards and transition

UK SRS S1 Timeline: 2026 Standard, the FCA's Final 2027 Rules and What Companies Should Do Now

Final UK SRS S1 and UK SRS S2 were published on 25 February 2026 and are available for voluntary use. The FCA consulted on listed-company rules in CP26/5 (closed 20 March 2026) and published its final rules in PS26/19 on 30 September 2026.

Helps you decidewhen UK SRS S1 reaches your organisation under the FCA's final rules or voluntary use, and what to build before your first 2027 reporting period

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 10 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Comparison·Framework interoperability

UK SRS S1 vs UK SRS S2: How General and Climate Requirements Work Together

UK SRS S1 and UK SRS S2 are designed to operate together, not as alternative standards. S1 supplies the general architecture for sustainability-related financial disclosures: objective, investor-focused materiality, reporting entity, connected information, four-pillar structure, location, timing, comparatives, judgements, uncertainties and compliance.

Helps you decideUK SRS S1 vs UK SRS S2: How General and Climate Requirements Work Together

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·New standards and transition

Is UK SRS S1 Mandatory? Voluntary Use, the FCA's Final Rules and the Companies Act Route

UK SRS S1 did not become generally mandatory when the government published the final standard; it remains available for voluntary use by any entity. For listed issuers in UKLR categories 6, 14, 15, 16 and 22, the FCA's final rules in PS26/19 (30 September 2026) apply UK SRS S1 and S2 on a comply or explain basis for accounting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027, with a two-year climate-first relief for non-climate S1 information in periods beginning in 2027 and 2028.

Helps you decidewhether UK SRS S1 applies to your entity under the FCA's final listing rules, voluntarily or not yet at all, and what that means for planning

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 10 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Publication Timing and Report Location: Why the IFRS Delayed-Publication Relief Was Removed

UK SRS S1 requires sustainability-related financial disclosures to be reported at the same time as the related financial statements and for the same reporting period. They form part of the entity’s general purpose financial reports.

Helps you decideWhere the complete disclosure set will sit, how it will be released simultaneously with the financial statements and whether any cross-reference or separate document meets UK SRS S1 conditions.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Omissions and claims

Common UK SRS S1 Mistakes: Copying IFRS Wording, Misusing Reliefs and Ignoring UK Reporting Law

The most common UK SRS S1 mistakes are not drafting errors; they are control errors. Teams copy IFRS S1 wording without checking UK amendments, treat SASB as either mandatory or irrelevant, use a delayed-publication relief that UK SRS S1 removed, claim S1 compliance while using climate-only relief, apply generic materiality, disconnect finance from sustainability risks and treat superseded CP26/5 proposals, proposed FCA guidance or a future Companies Act route as final law.

Helps you decideWhich implementation error could undermine the report, claim or annual-report sign-off?

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Metrics and methodologies

UK SRS S1 Metrics and Targets: Industry Information, Entity-Specific KPIs and Progress

UK SRS S1 does not ask an entity to publish every ESG metric it can calculate. For each sustainability-related risk and opportunity that could reasonably be expected to affect prospects, the entity discloses metrics required by an applicable UK SRS and the metrics it actually uses to monitor the matter, performance and progress towards targets.

Helps you decideWhich metrics are relevant and material, how to document entity-specific measures, and how to report target progress without hiding methods, estimates or missed milestones.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Materiality and scope

Free UK SRS S1 Materiality and Risk-Opportunity Register Template

A UK SRS S1 materiality and risk-opportunity register should record more than ESG topics. It should identify each sustainability-related risk or opportunity, its source, value-chain location, time horizon, pathway to the entity’s prospects, materiality rationale, disclosure consequences, financial effects, metrics, owner, evidence and review triggers.

Helps you decideWhich sustainability-related risks and opportunities are material and what disclosure work do they trigger?

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Comparison·Framework interoperability

UK SRS S1 vs IFRS S1: The UK Amendments That Change Implementation

UK SRS S1 is closely based on IFRS S1, but it is not identical. The UK amendments change implementation in six important areas: reference to SASB Standards is optional rather than mandatory; the IFRS effective date is removed; the first-year relief allowing delayed publication after the financial statements is removed; the climate-only provision is no longer limited by the standard to the first reporting year; use of that provision prevents a UK SRS S1 compliance claim; and UK law or regulation can override the availability or operation of transition and compliance provisions.

Helps you decideUK SRS S1 vs IFRS S1: The UK Amendments That Change Implementation

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·New standards and transition

UK SRS S1 Gap Assessment: How to Test Readiness for Voluntary or FCA Reporting

A useful UK SRS S1 gap assessment is not a paragraph-by-paragraph tick-box exercise. It tests whether the organisation can identify material sustainability-related risks and opportunities, explain their effects on prospects, produce four-pillar disclosures, connect finance and sustainability information, apply or document sources of guidance, manage S2 climate interactions, evidence controls and integrate the result into the annual report.

Helps you decideIs the organisation report-ready, partially ready or still in design for UK SRS S1?

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Metrics and methodologies

Current and Anticipated Financial Effects Under UK SRS S1: A Guide for Finance Teams

UK SRS S1 requires information about both current financial effects for the reporting period and anticipated effects over the short, medium and long term. Finance teams should trace each material sustainability-related risk or opportunity through a business transmission channel to revenue, costs, assets, liabilities, cash flows or financing.

Helps you decideWhat financial effect is supportable, at what level of quantification, over which time horizon and with which assumptions, controls and connected disclosures.

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Data and evidence

UK SRS S1 Explained: What It Requires, Who Can Use It and How to Start

UK SRS S1 is the UK's general standard for sustainability-related financial disclosures. It requires material information about sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect an entity's cash flows, access to finance or cost of capital over the short, medium or long term.

Helps you decideUK SRS S1 Explained: What It Requires, Who Can Use It and How to Start

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 12 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Omissions and claims

UK SRS S1 Compliance Statement: Exact Decisions Behind an Explicit and Unreserved Claim

An explicit and unreserved UK SRS S1 compliance statement is only available when the entity’s sustainability-related financial disclosures comply with all applicable UK Sustainability Reporting Standards requirements. Legal-prohibition and commercially sensitive opportunity exemptions do not, by themselves, prevent a compliance statement.

Helps you decideCan the report make an explicit and unreserved statement of compliance with UK SRS S1?

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 6 min Read the guide →

UK S1·Decision guide·Reporting boundaries

UK SRS S1 Reporting Entity and Boundary: Financial Statements, Value Chain and Group Changes

UK SRS S1 starts with the same reporting entity as the related financial statements. Where those statements are consolidated, the parent and its subsidiaries form the reporting entity.

Helps you decideWhich legal entities and relationships are inside the reporting entity, which sit outside consolidation but inside the risk/opportunity assessment, and how each metric perimeter is explained and recon

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

Showing 30 of 52 published guides — filter by framework or problem above. Show every guide (52) →

How an LRA guide is built

Every answer follows the same discipline.

You should be able to stop reading after the first paragraph and still have what you came for. Everything below it exists so you can defend the answer to a reviewer.

  1. 01
    Answer

    The question is stated as a reporting team would ask it, and settled in the opening lines.

  2. 02
    Basis

    The official source and edition are named, and kept clearly apart from our reading of them.

  3. 03
    Judgement

    The points the standard leaves open are marked, with what a defensible position looks like.

  4. 04
    Action

    The answer links to the disclosures and evidence it affects, so a decision turns into fields to fill.

  • Practitioner-written, then technically reviewed
  • A named reviewer, with a date
  • Requirements kept separate from practice and interpretation
  • Stated update triggers for re-reading each answer
RK From the answer to the report Dr Ross Kurinko Strategic ESG Advisor · IFRS S1 & S2 / GRI / ESRS
GRI and ISSB-IFRS S1 & S2 Certified Global Trainer · PhD, University of Cambridge · ESG-AI expert 15+ years on FTSE 100 & Fortune Global 500 disclosures Canary Wharf, London LRA educational guidance · Not issued or endorsed by the standard setters LinkedIn

Coverage

Which frameworks have answers yet.

The guides tier is written framework by framework rather than thinly across all of them, so this says where the writing has actually reached. Disclosure cards, which cover the requirements themselves, run ahead of it.

Found the answer?

Turn the decision into a disclosure.

An answer settles what to do. The disclosure card is where it becomes data to collect, owners to name, evidence to retain and wording to draft — and when the whole reporting cycle is the problem, the programme walks it with a mentor on your own data.

Available as Guided Flex, Live Cohort, 1:1 Expert Mentorship or Corporate Programme.

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