Disclosure guides

Understand the questions behind the standards.

How Disclosure Guides work

London Reporting Academy·Disclosure guides

Understand the questions behind the standards.

Expert-written answers to the questions that slow reporting teams down. Each one opens with the conclusion, shows the requirement it rests on, explains the conditions and the judgement involved, and links to the disclosure cards the decision affects.

  • 478 guides published
  • Practitioner-written, technically reviewed
  • A named reviewer, with a date
  • Free to read

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How an LRA Disclosure Guide helps: use the GRI omissions example to check the rule, understand the required explanation and prepare the disclosure using the relevant card. GRI 2-1 does not permit omissions.
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Answers from the published guides · 275 disclosure cards · 1,211 indexed reports

Disclosure guides

Data and evidence

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ISSB·Toolkit·Data and evidence

IFRS S1 Implementation Registers

One file and five guides. The workbook holds the IFRS S1 registers in editable form — and the five Knowledge Hub guides from the same package cover the reporting entity and boundary, current and anticipated financial effects, metrics and targets, the compliance statement and publication timing, and how to use SASB standards.

Helps you decideWhich package files and related guides belong to this toolkit?

Affects s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29s1-30-a +10 more

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 3 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

IFRS S1 and S2 Compliance Checklist and Free Disclosure Matrix

The matrix should convert the Standards into controlled review tests without reproducing or replacing the official text. Each row should record the relevant paragraph, applicability, materiality conclusion, draft location, evidence reference, owner, control, status, relief or exception and reviewer sign-off.

Helps you decideWhether each applicable requirement is supported by a materiality conclusion, evidence, control, draft location and sign-off.

Affects s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29s1-30-a +10 more

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 13 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Explainer·Data and evidence

IFRS KH 04 Strategy Disclosures

IFRS S1 strategy disclosure should explain the decision pathway for each material sustainability-related risk or opportunity. Describe the risk or opportunity and time horizon; explain current and anticipated effects and where exposure is concentrated in the business model and value chain; show the entity's response, resource allocation, progress and trade-offs; connect the issue to current and anticipated financial effects and financial planning; and explain resilience.

Helps you decideIFRS KH 04 Strategy Disclosures

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 15 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

IFRS S2 Scenario Analysis: A Proportionate Approach to Climate Resilience

IFRS S2 requires climate-related scenario analysis to assess climate resilience, but it does not require every entity to start with complex financial modelling. The approach must be commensurate with the entity’s circumstances.

Helps you decideWhat scenario-analysis approach is commensurate with the entity’s exposure and available skills, capabilities and resources?

Affects s2-10s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29 +35 more

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

IFRS S2 Climate Resilience: How to Assess and Disclose Capacity to Adapt

Climate resilience under IFRS S2 is the entity’s assessed capacity to adjust or adapt its strategy and business model to climate-related changes, developments and uncertainties. It is not a generic statement that the business is “resilient”.

Helps you decideWhat capacity does the entity actually have to adjust or adapt, over what horizon, with which resources, assets, investments and constraints?

Affects s2-13s2-22-as2-22-bs1-27-a +35 more

Reviewed 10 Aug 2026 11 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

First IFRS S1 and S2 Reporting Cycle: A 12-Month Implementation Plan

A first reporting cycle should begin with the reporting basis, governance and risk universe, not with drafting. Over 12 months, the entity should lock scope and adoption decisions; identify material risks and opportunities using the required source hierarchy; develop climate assessment and scenario analysis; connect conclusions to budgets and financial effects; build industry metrics and GHG data; operate a dry run and evidence-based controls; complete drafting and comparatives; and finish with independent challenge, board approval and publication at the required time.

Helps you decideHow to sequence adoption, technical analysis, data, finance, controls, review and approval so the reporting cycle can finish on time.

Affects s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29s1-30-a +10 more

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 17 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

Estimates, Data Gaps and Uncertainty

IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 do not require perfect data before useful sustainability-related financial information can be reported. Reasonable estimates, proxies, modelled data and ranges can be necessary and appropriate when direct measurement is unavailable, provided the resulting information is faithfully represented, material methods and assumptions are explained, and significant measurement uncertainty is transparent.

Helps you decideWhether an estimate is usable, how it should be measured and controlled, and what uncertainty and limitations must be disclosed.

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 14 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Taxonomy: Digital Tagging for IFRS S1 and S2

The IFRS Sustainability Disclosure Taxonomy provides the digital elements needed to make IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 disclosures computer-readable. It does not itself make tagging mandatory: a securities regulator, stock exchange or other jurisdictional authority decides whether an entity must file digitally, which taxonomy entry point and format to use, whether local extensions are permitted, and which validation rules apply.

Helps you decideExplain what the taxonomy does and who decides whether tagging is mandatory.

Affects s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29s1-30-a +10 more

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 18 min Read the guide →

ISSB·Decision guide·Data and evidence

IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 Explained

IFRS S1 and IFRS S2 form one investor-focused reporting system. IFRS S1 sets the general requirements for disclosing material information about sustainability-related risks and opportunities that could reasonably be expected to affect an entity's prospects.

Helps you decideWhat information belongs in investor-focused sustainability-related financial disclosures and what is required for an ISSB compliance statement.

Affects s1-27-as1-27-bs1-29s1-30-a +35 more

Reviewed 11 Aug 2026 18 min Read the guide →

How an LRA guide is built

Every answer follows the same discipline.

You should be able to stop reading after the first paragraph and still have what you came for. Everything below it exists so you can defend the answer to a reviewer.

  1. 01
    Answer

    The question is stated as a reporting team would ask it, and settled in the opening lines.

  2. 02
    Basis

    The official source and edition are named, and kept clearly apart from our reading of them.

  3. 03
    Judgement

    The points the standard leaves open are marked, with what a defensible position looks like.

  4. 04
    Action

    The answer links to the disclosures and evidence it affects, so a decision turns into fields to fill.

  • Practitioner-written, then technically reviewed
  • A named reviewer, with a date
  • Requirements kept separate from practice and interpretation
  • Stated update triggers for re-reading each answer
RK From the answer to the report Dr Ross Kurinko Strategic ESG Advisor · IFRS S1 & S2 / GRI / ESRS
GRI and ISSB-IFRS S1 & S2 Certified Global Trainer · PhD, University of Cambridge · ESG-AI expert 15+ years on FTSE 100 & Fortune Global 500 disclosures Canary Wharf, London LRA educational guidance · Not issued or endorsed by the standard setters LinkedIn

Coverage

Which frameworks have answers yet.

The guides tier is written framework by framework rather than thinly across all of them, so this says where the writing has actually reached. Disclosure cards, which cover the requirements themselves, run ahead of it.

Found the answer?

Turn the decision into a disclosure.

An answer settles what to do. The disclosure card is where it becomes data to collect, owners to name, evidence to retain and wording to draft — and when the whole reporting cycle is the problem, the programme walks it with a mentor on your own data.

Available as Guided Flex, Live Cohort, 1:1 Expert Mentorship or Corporate Programme.

/en/knowledge-hub/disclosure-guides/ Wave 1 — English only