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GRI 2: General Disclosures·Disclosure GRI 2-5
External assurance
Practical guidance for preparing this disclosure. Use this card to identify the information to prepare, verify claims and organise supporting evidence. For exact requirements, always refer to the official GRI source.
Published passport
Last reviewed 2026-07-18
Reviewed by
Dr Ross KurinkoLinkedIn
Strategic ESG Advisor · IFRS S1 & S2 / GRI / ESRS expert
GRI Certified Global Trainer · PhD, University of Cambridge · ESG-AI expert
15+ years on FTSE 100 & Fortune Global 500 disclosures
Canary Wharf, London
LRA educational guidance · Not issued or endorsed by GRI
Standard
GRI 2: General Disclosures
Disclosure GRI 2-5
Last reviewed
2026-07-18
LRA educational guidance · Not issued or endorsed by GRI
To prepare this disclosure
Disclosure focus
GRI 2-5 always requires an organisation to describe its policy and practice for seeking external assurance, including whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. This applies even when the organisation did not obtain external assurance for the reporting period; a separate written ‘External Assurance Policy’ is not required if the actual policy and practice are explained clearly.
If the sustainability reporting has been externally assured, the organisation must also link or refer to the assurance report, describe what was assured and on what basis, and explain its relationship with the assurance provider. The basis includes the exact assurance standards used, the level of assurance obtained, and any limitations of the assurance process.
External assurance is encouraged by GRI but is not mandatory for reporting in accordance with the GRI Standards. Disclosure 2-5 itself is mandatory for an in-accordance claim. Reasons for omission are not permitted for this disclosure.
Do not describe every external check as assurance. A certification, consultancy review, independent data check, audit-support exercise, or agreed-upon procedures engagement is assurance only when an independent, competent provider issues a formal assurance conclusion or opinion; agreed-upon procedures report findings rather than an assurance conclusion.
The seven datapoints below are LRA’s operational decomposition of one unconditional requirement and three conditional elements. They are not seven separate GRI requirements, and ‘Assurance limits’ sits within the description of assured content and basis under 2-5-b-ii.
This LRA educational guidance supports disclosure preparation. For the exact requirements, always refer to the official GRI source.
Before you start
Before you start
A quick mental checklist before you prepare this disclosure — tick each as you settle it.
Preparation
Key information to prepare
| Preparation field | What to capture | Evidence hint | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assurance policy and practice | The organisation’s actual policy and practice for seeking external assurance, whether or not assurance was obtained. A separate written policy is not required. | Assurance policy, reporting governance papers, board or executive committee minutes, internal approval notes. | Sustainability reporting / Governance |
| Governance involvement in assurance | Whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved in the policy and practice for seeking external assurance. | Board and executive committee packs, assurance planning papers, sign-off records, governance calendar. | Sustainability reporting / Governance |
| Assurance report link | The web link or document reference for each external assurance report or assurance statement covering the sustainability report, where assurance has been obtained. | Published report archive, investor relations site, assurance provider deliverables, document register. | Sustainability reporting / Investor relations |
| Assured content and basis | Exactly what sustainability information was assured and the basis of assurance, including the exact assurance standards used. A brief referral is sufficient where the linked assurance report contains the detail. | Assurance statement, scope letter, engagement terms, provider report, reporting controls file. | Sustainability reporting / External assurance |
| Assurance level obtained | The level of assurance the external reviewer gave for the sustainability reporting, stated clearly and consistently with the assurance statement. | Assurance statement, provider opinion letter, final report issued by the assurance firm. | Sustainability reporting / External assurance |
| Assurance limits | Any stated constraints, exclusions, or caveats in the external assurance process that affect what was checked or how far the work went. | Assurance statement, management representation letter, engagement scope, issue log from the assurance process. | Sustainability reporting / External assurance |
| Assurer relationship | A short description of the organisation’s relationship with the assurance provider, including anything relevant to independence, prior work, or other ties. | Assurance engagement letter, procurement records, independence declarations, conflict checks, provider profile. | Procurement / Legal / External assurance |
＋ Show GRI 2-5 sub-elements (LRA working checklist)
GRI 2-5-a — Describe the policy and practice for seeking external assurance, including whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. This always applies.
GRI 2-5-b-i — If the sustainability reporting has been externally assured, provide a link or reference to the external assurance report or assurance statement.
GRI 2-5-b-ii — If externally assured, describe what was assured and on what basis, including the assurance standards used, the level of assurance obtained, and any limitations of the assurance process.
GRI 2-5-b-iii — If externally assured, describe the relationship between the organisation and the assurance provider.
How to prepare it
Document the organisation’s actual policy and practice for seeking external assurance. Record whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved, even if no assurance was obtained this period.
Confirm whether the engagement is genuinely external assurance: look for a formal signed conclusion or opinion from an independent, competent provider. Do not relabel certification, consultancy, independent checks, or agreed-upon procedures as assurance.
For every assurance engagement, map the exact report version and assured content to the signed statement. Keep separate engagements separate where scopes, standards, levels, or providers differ.
Capture the exact assurance standards used, the level of assurance obtained, and all stated limitations, exclusions, sampling boundaries, sites, or topic-specific differences. If the linked assurance report contains this fully, a brief referral can be sufficient.
Describe the relationship with the assurance provider, including appointment, independence, conflicts, and any other services. GRI guidance also encourages accessible information on responsibilities, the work performed, the signed conclusion, and provider competence.
Before publishing, reconcile the disclosure, content index, public link, and final signed statement. Confirm that the provider was independent and competent, applied quality controls, and issued a public conclusion, then check the official GRI source.
Request the data
Request the assurance pack and sign-off details
Translate the disclosure into an internal business question — then adapt it to your organisation's own language.
What is our policy and practice for seeking external assurance, how are the highest governance body and senior executives involved, and did any provider issue a formal assurance conclusion for this reporting period?
Use the organisation’s operational language when collecting evidence, but do not map a review, certification, consultancy assignment, independent check, audit support, or agreed-upon procedures engagement to ‘external assurance’ unless an independent, competent provider issued a formal assurance conclusion or opinion.
Weak request
Can you send the external assurance info for the sustainability report?
Why it fails: It is too vague to tell the owner which documents, dates, scope, review basis, governance involvement, or relationship details are needed. It also uses framework language without telling the team how to answer in their own operational terms.
Better request
Please confirm our policy and practice for seeking external assurance and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. For each current-period assurance engagement, send the final signed statement, exact assured content, standards and criteria, level of assurance obtained, limitations, final report version, and provider independence and other-services records. If no assurance was obtained, describe the review frequency, decision criteria, plans, and governance involvement.
Formal email template
Subject: Request for sustainability reporting external assurance details for [reporting period] Hello [name/team], We are preparing GRI 2-5 for [reporting period]. Please confirm our current policy and practice for seeking external assurance, its review frequency and criteria, and whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. If external assurance was obtained, please send the final signed assurance report and confirm: - the exact publication version and information assured - the assurance standards and criteria used - the level of assurance obtained - all limitations, exclusions, sampling boundaries, and mixed levels - the provider’s appointment, independence, conflicts, and any other services If no external assurance was obtained, please confirm that and describe the decision approach, review frequency, criteria, future plans, and governance involvement. An internal decision record is useful evidence but is not itself a GRI requirement. Please distinguish assurance from certification, consultancy, independent checks, and agreed-upon procedures. A possible LRA training template is attached; adapt it to your organisation and check the official source before sign-off. Many thanks, [preparer name] [team] [contact details]
Short Teams / Slack version
Hi [name] — for [reporting period], please confirm our policy and practice for seeking external assurance and whether/how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. If assurance was obtained, send each final signed statement with its exact scope, standards, level, limitations, report version, and provider independence/other-services record. If none was obtained, describe the annual decision approach, criteria, and plans. Thanks.
Industry examples
Manufacturing
Context. The sustainability report includes site-level environmental metrics and a small number of social indicators covered by an external assurance conclusion.
Adapted request. Please share the external assurance pack for [reporting period]: the final signed assurance statement, exact site metrics and sections assured, standards and criteria, level of assurance obtained, limitations by plant or data stream, governance involvement, and provider independence and other services. If no assurance was obtained, describe the annual decision approach, criteria, and plans.
Example response. Attached are the signed limited assurance statement, scope schedule for energy, water, waste, and workforce safety metrics, exact assurance standards and criteria, site-sampling limitations, the Audit Committee paper, independence declaration, and other-services record.
Financial services
Context. The organisation publishes an annual ESG section within the annual report and obtains external assurance on selected metrics and narrative claims.
Adapted request. Please send the assurance pack for [reporting period] covering the ESG section: the signed assurance statement, exact sections and metrics assured, standards and criteria, level of assurance obtained, limitations, governance involvement, and provider independence and other services. Keep any agreed-upon procedures engagement separate because it does not provide an assurance conclusion.
Example response. The pack includes the signed limited assurance statement, scope schedule for climate and conduct metrics, exact ISAE standards and criteria, exclusion of forward-looking statements, the Board Risk Committee paper, independence declaration, and a separate record of advisory services.
Draft your disclosure
Notes that turn data into a disclosure
LRA training templates — adapt them to your organisation, and check the official source before sign-off.
Method note
Describe the organisation’s policy and practice for seeking external assurance and whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. If assurance was obtained, refer to each signed assurance report and state the exact assured content, standards used, level of assurance obtained, limitations, and provider relationship.
Context note
Make the boundary of each assurance claim unmistakable. Explain whether the statement covers the full report or selected information, keep separate engagements distinct, and state provider independence and relevant other services consistently with the signed report and engagement records.
Fluctuation statement
Where the assurance approach changed, explain any change in governance involvement, assured content, standards, level, limitations, provider, or report version. Do not imply that assurance is mandatory under the GRI Standards.
Content index entry
GRI 2-5 External assurance — [location / page] / [notes]Download Centre
Preparation tools & forms
Professional preparation tools for GRI 2-5 — free with an LRA Community membership. Register once (it's free) and every download unlocks, together with the Disclosure Library, templates and the LRA AI Assistant.
Assurance readiness
For each claim, check the evidence
| Claim | Risk | Evidence to check |
|---|---|---|
| The policy and practice described are the organisation’s actual current approach, whether or not assurance was obtained. | Boilerplate implies a standing assurance programme that does not exist, or silence is treated as acceptable because no assurance was obtained. | Documented practice, reporting calendar, decision criteria, and current-period governance papers |
| The disclosure accurately says whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved. | Generic references to directors or management hide the actual governance route or incorrectly imply involvement. | Board or committee papers, minutes, executive approvals, and reporting governance terms of reference |
| Every claimed assurance engagement is supported by a formal signed assurance conclusion or opinion. | A certification, consultancy review, independent check, or agreed-upon procedures report is incorrectly presented as assurance. | Final signed assurance report and engagement letter |
| The published description matches the statement’s exact scope, standards, assurance level, limitations, and report version. | The page overstates coverage, merges separate engagements, substitutes vague terminology, or links to a mismatched version. | Signed report, scope schedule, standards and criteria, final publication, and version approval |
| The relationship with the provider is transparent and consistent with independence records. | Relevant non-assurance services, conflicts, or provider involvement in preparing the assured information are omitted. | Independence declarations, conflict checks, procurement file, and non-assurance services record |
Evidence pack to prepare
Common reporting gaps
Treating 2-5 as not applicable because no external assurance was obtained, instead of describing the policy, practice, and governance involvement.
Calling an independent check, certification, consultancy review, or agreed-upon procedures engagement ‘assurance’ without a formal assurance conclusion or opinion.
Saying the whole sustainability report was assured when the statement covers only selected disclosures, indicators, sites, or entities.
Using vague terms such as ‘verified’, ‘checked’, ‘reviewed’, ‘level of confidence’, or ‘level of review reached’ instead of the statement’s assurance terminology.
Naming a framework generally but not the exact assurance standards used.
Omitting the level of assurance obtained or merging limited and reasonable assurance into one description.
Leaving out limitations, exclusions, sampling boundaries, or mixed assurance levels that appear in the signed statement.
Linking to a draft, prior-period, or different report version from the one covered by the assurance statement.
Failing to describe the relationship with the provider, including independence and relevant other services.
Merging separate engagements with different providers, scopes, standards, or levels into one assurance claim.
Common gaps
Mistakes to avoid when collecting the data
Starting only when assurance existsThe team treats 2-5-a as conditional and prepares nothing when no external assurance was obtained, even though policy, practice, and governance involvement must still be described.
Misclassifying the engagementA certification, consultancy review, independent check, internal audit, or agreed-upon procedures report is labelled assurance without a formal independent assurance conclusion.
Using a generic governance labelThe draft refers to ‘directors’ or ‘management’ but does not say whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved.
Overstating the scopeThe public page says the report was externally assured when the signed statement covers selected indicators, entities, sites, or topics only.
Merging engagementsDifferent providers, standards, scopes, or assurance levels are collapsed into one description, making it impossible to trace each claim to its signed conclusion.
Paraphrasing technical termsThe team substitutes ‘confidence’, ‘verification’, or ‘review level’ for the exact assurance standard and level stated by the provider.
Dropping limitationsSampling, exclusions, unavailable sites, mixed levels, or other limits in the signed report are omitted from the public description.
Missing provider relationshipAppointment, independence, conflicts, or relevant non-assurance services are not checked against procurement and independence records.
Where judgement is often needed
Exact scope differs from the report headlineState precisely which disclosures, metrics, entities, sites, or report sections were assured; do not let ‘externally assured report’ imply broader coverage than the statement.
Statement covers a different period or versionConfirm that the signed conclusion covers the final published report and reporting period. Explain any genuine version link rather than silently reusing an earlier statement.
Limited and reasonable assurance both applyIdentify which information received limited assurance and which received reasonable assurance. Never combine them into one overall level.
Different standards apply to different informationMap each exact assurance standard and criterion to the relevant engagement and assured information, including topic-specific standards such as ISAE 3410.
Limitations include sampling or selected sitesDescribe the limitations stated by the provider, including sampling, site selection, exclusions, and work not performed, without suggesting assurance requires testing every record.
Provider also supplies non-assurance servicesDescribe services relevant to understanding the relationship and confirm how independence was assessed. Do not use an invented ‘material connection’ threshold.
Examples
Illustrative examples
Synthetic, written by LRA — not from a company report, not text from any standard.
Illustrative (synthetic) example — assurance obtained
Our policy is to assess annually whether external assurance would strengthen the credibility of our sustainability reporting. The Audit Committee approves the assurance plan, and senior executives confirm readiness, scope, and responses to findings. For 2025, selected greenhouse gas, water, and workforce disclosures were externally assured; the signed statement is linked in the report annex. The provider performed the engagement under ISAE 3000 (Revised), and ISAE 3410 for greenhouse gas information, and issued a limited assurance conclusion. The statement identifies the selected disclosures, sampling approach, sites not visited, and exclusion of forward-looking information. The provider was appointed through procurement, did not prepare the assured information, confirmed its independence from the organisation, and its other services are described in the assurance statement.
Synthetic example for practitioner learning only. It uses the exact standards and ‘limited assurance conclusion’, keeps scope and limitations visible, and describes the provider relationship and independence.
Illustrative (synthetic) example — no assurance obtained
Our policy is to review annually whether to seek external assurance. The Audit Committee considers the recommendation, and senior executives assess reporting readiness, regulatory requirements, and stakeholder expectations. We did not obtain external assurance for the 2025 sustainability reporting. We will reassess the decision for the next reporting cycle using the same criteria and our planned improvements to reporting controls.
Synthetic example for practitioner learning only. GRI 2-5-a still applies when no external assurance was obtained; the disclosure describes the decision approach, review frequency, criteria, plans, and governance involvement without presenting an internal decision record as a GRI requirement.
Company reports
How companies report GRI 2-5 in practice
Examples of full and partial reporting practice. These are evidence-led reviews, not exact disclosure templates to copy.
Zydus Lifesciences Limited
Pharmaceuticals / Biotech / Life Sciences · India · 2025
Zydus publishes two separate Intertek limited assurance statements: selected ESG disclosures on pages 142–143 under ISAE 3000 (Revised), and selected Scope 3 categories on pages 144–146 under ISAE 3000 (Revised) and ISAE 3410. They state scope, criteria, methodology, limitations, conclusions, competence, and independence. The remaining GRI 2-5 gap is a clear description of the organisation’s policy and practice for seeking assurance and whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved.
Interconexión Eléctrica S.A. E.S.P.
Electric Utilities / IPP / Energy Traders · Colombia · 2024
ISA’s report profile on page 9 identifies KPMG, the assurance basis, and the annexed independent report; the GRI index on page 131 supports navigation. The signed memo on pages 150–153 provides limited assurance, covered disclosures, ISAE 3000 and ISAE 3410 basis, limitations, independence, and responsibilities. Board certification of material topics is governance context, not a complete description of the policy and practice for seeking assurance or of highest-governance-body and senior-executive involvement under GRI 2-5-a.
Chang Hwa Commercial Bank, Ltd.
Banks / Diverse Financials / Insurance · Taiwan · 2024
CHB’s external assurance overview on page 189 separates BSI’s AA1000AS v3 work from EY’s ISAE 3000 engagement and states the respective scopes and assurance levels. The signed BSI statement on page 190 provides scope, methodology, sampling, moderate assurance opinion, responsibilities, competence, and independence; the EY statement follows on page 191. The policy and practice for seeking assurance and whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved still require separate confirmation.
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Scenarios to work through
An organisation did not obtain external assurance this year. Its policy is reviewed annually; the Audit Committee considers the recommendation, and senior executives assess readiness, regulatory requirements, and stakeholder expectations.
QCan the organisation omit GRI 2-5 or use a reason for omission?
Reveal model answer →Hide answer ↑
No. External assurance is encouraged but not mandatory, while Disclosure 2-5 is mandatory for an in-accordance claim and reasons for omission are not permitted. Describe the policy and practice, annual review, criteria, plans, and whether and how the highest governance body and senior executives are involved.
Why this matters · GRI 2-5-a always applies, even when no external assurance was obtained.
A provider performed agreed-upon procedures under ISRS 4400 and reported factual findings, but issued no assurance conclusion or opinion.
QMay the organisation call the sustainability information externally assured?
Reveal model answer →Hide answer ↑
No. Agreed-upon procedures provide findings rather than assurance. Describe the engagement accurately elsewhere if useful, but do not present it as external assurance under GRI 2-5-b.
Why this matters · The engagement label and an exact standard name do not replace the need for a formal assurance conclusion or opinion.
One signed statement provides limited assurance under ISAE 3000 (Revised) for selected ESG disclosures, while a second provides reasonable assurance under a different standard for a narrower regulatory dataset.
QHow should the organisation describe the assurance basis and level?
Reveal model answer →Hide answer ↑
Keep the engagements separate. For each one, link the signed statement and identify the exact assured content, standard, level of assurance obtained, and limitations. Do not describe the report as having one blended assurance level.
Why this matters · Mixed scopes, standards, and levels must remain traceable to their own conclusions.
The assurance provider was appointed through procurement, did not prepare the assured information, confirmed independence from the organisation, and also supplied a separate controls advisory service.
QWhat relationship information belongs in the disclosure?
Reveal model answer →Hide answer ↑
Describe the appointment, the provider’s lack of involvement in preparing the assured information, its independence confirmation, and the other service relevant to assessing that independence. Do not apply an invented ‘material connection’ threshold.
Why this matters · Relationship and service information should allow readers to understand provider independence.
Framework references
Relevant GRI requirements and related disclosures
Available framework references and nearby disclosures relevant to preparing this requirement.
GRI
GRI 2-5
within GRI 2: General Disclosures
Related & explore
Role of the highest governance body in sustainability reporting → CardRestatements of information → CardReporting period, frequency and contact point → CardEntities included in the organization’s sustainability reporting → CardOrganizational details → Card
Browse all disclosures →
More in GRI 2 → Browse full catalogue → Disclosure Library home → Search all disclosures →
FAQ
Questions this page answers
For GRI 2-5 General Disclosures, what data do I need to gather before I start drafting the assurance disclosure?+−
Use the page’s datapoint list as your starting checklist: assurance policy and practice, governance involvement, assurance report link, assured content and basis, assurance level obtained, assurance limits, and assurer relationship. The page also gives a step-by-step preparation flow, so you can turn that list into a practical data request and draft plan.
How do I use the step-by-step ‘how to prepare’ section for GRI 2-5 in practice?+−
Treat it as a working sequence for collecting the right inputs, checking what needs to be evidenced, and then shaping the disclosure draft. It is designed to help you move from raw information to a report-ready narrative rather than leaving you with a theory-only summary.
What should I ask the assurance owner or audit contact for when preparing GRI 2-5?+−
Ask Sustainability Reporting and the external assurance contact for the current policy and practice, signed statement, exact scope, standards, level, limitations, and final report version. Finance, Internal Audit, Company Secretariat or Governance, Legal, Procurement, and the Audit Committee may need to confirm controls, governance involvement, appointment, independence, and other services.
How do I decide who owns the GRI 2-5 assurance disclosure data in my organisation?+−
Sustainability Reporting normally coordinates the disclosure with the external assurance contact. Finance and Internal Audit can support reporting controls; Company Secretariat or Governance and the Audit Committee can confirm governance involvement; Legal and Procurement can evidence appointment, conflicts, independence, and other services.
What evidence pack do I need to make a GRI 2-5 assurance disclosure assurance-ready?+−
Use the page’s evidence pack: documented practice, governance papers, engagement letter, signed report, scope schedule, standards and criteria, management representations where used, independence and conflict declarations, other-services record, final publication version, and approvals.
How do the assurance claims to verify help me check my GRI 2-5 draft?+−
They test the policy and practice, governance involvement, whether the engagement is genuine assurance, whether scope and terminology match the signed statement, and whether the provider relationship is transparent. Use them before sign-off to prevent overstatement.
What are the common reporting gaps or mistakes to avoid in a GRI 2-5 assurance disclosure?+−
The page lists common gaps and mistakes so you can check for missing evidence, unclear scope, or weak links between the narrative and the assurance information. It is useful as a final quality-control pass before the disclosure goes into the report.
How can I turn the GRI 2-5 page into a first draft for the annual report?+−
Start with the policy and practice and explain governance involvement. If assurance was obtained, add a clear referral to each signed statement and a concise description of scope, standards, level, limitations, and provider relationship, then complete the GRI content-index line.
What should I include in the GRI 2-5 narrative if I want it to be assurance-ready?+−
Focus on the page’s assurance datapoints and make sure the narrative clearly states what was assured, the basis, the level obtained, any limits, and the assurer relationship. The evidence pack and claim checks are there to help you keep the wording aligned with the underlying support.
How do I use the Prep & Assurance workbook for GRI 2-5?+−
The Download Centre includes a Prep & Assurance workbook in .xlsx format, which is intended to support preparation and assurance readiness. Use it alongside the page’s step-by-step guidance, evidence pack, and common mistakes list to organise inputs and track what still needs to be confirmed.
What is the printable Library Card for GRI 2-5 and when should I use it?+−
The Download Centre also provides a printable Library Card in .pdf format. It is a practical companion for keeping the disclosure’s key datapoints, evidence needs, and draft prompts in one place while you work through preparation.
More questions this page can help with
GRI 2-5 General Disclosures: what are the key datapoints to collect for an assurance disclosure draft?GRI 2-5: how do I build an evidence pack for assurance readiness?GRI 2-5 assurance disclosure: what should I ask Governance, Finance, Internal Audit, or the assurance provider for?GRI 2-5: how do I use the claim/risk/evidence checks before sign-off?GRI 2-5 General Disclosures: what are the common mistakes in the assurance section?GRI 2-5: how do I turn the page’s narrative starters into a report draft?GRI 2-5: what should go into the assurance report link and basis of assurance field?GRI 2-5: how do I use the downloadable workbook to track missing evidence?GRI 2-5 General Disclosures: what does the synthetic example show me about drafting the disclosure?GRI 2-5: how do I check whether my disclosure covers assurance limits clearly?GRI 2-5: how do I use the content-index line in the draft-output section?GRI 2-5 General Disclosures: where can I find real published report examples on the page?
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